Kawakawa leaves are almost always covered in holes, but it can be astonishingly hard to find the critter that causes them: the caterpillar of the kawakawa looper moth.

Species: Kawakawa leaf (Piper excelsum), caterpillar of the kawakawa looper moth (Cleora scriptaria), kareao/supplejack seeds (Ripogonum scandens), leaves and fertile fronds of kiokio fern (Parablechnum novae-zelandiae), and white background of the underside of rangiora leaves (Brachyglottis repanda).